A timely diagnosis allows for antiviral treatment, which can prevent liver-related complications. We estimated that the cumulative incidence of cirrhosis, DC, HCC, LT, and HBV-related death would still increase, and the total chronic HBV-infected prevalence would decrease over time under all scenarios. J Clin Gastroenterol. Wang H, Ru GQ, Yan R, Zhou Y, Wang MS, Cheng MJ. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.6262. In conclusion, this study comprehensively predicts the future HBV burden in China and offers several policy implications. This succinct, practical handbook provides quick access to: • an organized approach to the interpretation of liver function tests • guidance on determining levels of alcohol consumption • the latest hepatitis B and C treatments • ... Hepatitis C can cause a variety of potentially serious complications. According to a 2017 study, 23.9 percent of people who . A mathematical model of hepatitis B virus transmission and its application for vaccination strategy in China. The books is divided into two parts: a diagnosis and pathophysiology section and a management of complications section. Among them, ideal scenarios 1 and 2 were predicted to have the lowest disease burden of complications and chronic infections. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. statement and However, considering the large existing chronic HBV infected population and the low HBsAg loss rate of NA therapy, it is still difficult to avert the increasing trend of cumulative cirrhosis, DC, HCC, LT, and HBV-related death in all scenarios. Tenofovir reduces mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B: new study. Rosen HR, Ghany MG, Chung RT, Lok ASF.
Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. A certain proportion of diagnosed patients could receive therapy. 0000009952 00000 n Methods A total of 11,359 chronically HCV-infected patients with interferon-based therapy were registered in a nationwide .
0000123983 00000 n 2017;2(1):52–62. This book is aimed to emphasize the rationale and importance of prevention and management of viral hepatitis in children, providing cutting edge knowledge. Viral hepatitis is a major health problem in the world. Hepatology. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 0000025781 00000 n It can occur due to a variety of factors, but the most common cause is a virus infection. In this book, the authors describe the physiopathology of the diverse causes of ascites,the types of treatments recommended, the recent advances achieved, the complications and the prognosis of the different clinical situations that doctors ... YZ and JW analyzed the data and interpreted the results. Sixth edition of the hugely successful, internationally recognised textbook on global public health and epidemiology comprehensively covering the scope, methods, and practice of the discipline. %%EOF Chronic hepatitis B infection can result in complications such as cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and liver cancer. In 2050, HCC death was predicted to be the most common cause of both HBV-related complications and death; the corresponding annual incidence of HCC yielded 411,440, 258,010, 168,840, 147,270, and 165,330, respectively, under the five scenarios. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 0000000016 00000 n 2016;10(1):1–98. When circulation through the portal vein is blocked, blood may back up into other blood vessels — mainly those in your stomach and esophagus. 2018;39(5):307–10.
0000029959 00000 n 2005;2:82. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-2-82. We did not consider immune tolerance as one of the states here, which was common among infants and children, due to less epidemiologic data being available and the largest population comprising chronic HBV infection in adults who were inactive carriers in China [5, 26,27,28]. 0000011212 00000 n Chronic hepatitis B has become a major public health problem in China. 2019;69(4):1442–52. 2019. https://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/data/chn.pdf. Lu FM, Zhuang H. Management of hepatitis B in China. Target Audience. Complications of cirrhosis include: Enlarged veins in your esophagus (esophageal varices). Lu FM, Li T, Liu S, Zhuang H. Epidemiology and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in China. Google Scholar. Countdown to 2030: eliminating hepatitis B disease, China. Terms and Conditions, 2017;167(11):794–804. Hepatology. 0000035438 00000 n Hepatology. If you've never been vaccinated against hepatitis A, you need 2 doses of this vaccine, usually spaced 6-18 months apart. 0000034085 00000 n Symptoms. PubMed Central 2016;16(1):80–6. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21338. Screening and Diagnosis of Hepatitis C Infection; Evaluation, Staging, and Monitoring of Chronic Hepatitis C; Management of Cirrhosis-Related Complications; Evaluation and Preparation for Hepatitis C Treatment; Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C Infection; Treatment of Key Populations and Unique Situations; Clinical Consultation Master .
Globocan: 2018 China.
Hepatology. The 100% diagnostic modalities and treatment rates simulated in ideal scenario 1 projected more HBsAg losses, fewer HBV-related deaths and lower total chronic HBV infection prevalence than did gradually increased diagnosis and treatment rates under the WHO-targeted scenario. xref Lim SG, Aghemo A, Chen PJ, Dan YY, Gane E, Gani R, et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(18)30056-6. h�bbbd`b``Ń3� ������ ��� Methods. Hepatol Int. LL, YZ, and JW designed the study. Since 2005, high-potency NAs with minimal risk and side effects, such as entecavir (ETV), have been widely applied in China as the first-line recommendation [12, 13]. A minority of patients with cirrhosis develop liver cancer over time. The global, regional, and national burden of cirrhosis by cause in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. SPECIAL FEATURES The first UK book on care of the liver from a nursing and healthcare perspective Written by a well-respected and renowned author in the field Covers a wide spectrum of liver diseases, with relevant nursing management ... World Health Organization. 0000057196 00000 n 0000008483 00000 n CA Cancer J Clin. Background and rationale: Chronic kidney disease and hepatitis C virus are prevalent in the general population worldwide, and controversy exists about the impact of HCV infection on the development and progression of kidney disease. Working off-campus? 0000002312 00000 n Changing incidence of reported viral hepatitis in China from 2004 to 2016: an observational study.
The potential attribution was based on the assumption that only a small group of patients receiving NA therapy would reach a ‘functional cure’ status [47]. Hepatology. Therefore, this book has been created by distinguished faculties from around the world to address the progress in our understanding of HCV infection and to review new treatment options, limitations, and accessibility of new therapeutic ... Assessed 20 Jun 2020. These are the first WHO guidelines on testing for chronic HBV and HCV infection and complement published guidance by WHO on the prevention, care and treatment of chronic hepatitis C and hepatitis B infection. 0000004598 00000 n We simulated 5 scenarios with different annual incidences, diagnoses and nucleotide analog (NA) treatment rates as well as treatment eligibility, which included a natural history without diagnosis or NA therapy, a base case, a World Health Organization (WHO)-proposed target case and two ideal cases. J Public Health (Oxf). HBsAg seroclearance in asymptomatic carriers of high endemic areas: appreciably high rates during a long-term follow-up. We read with interest the paper by Yuen et al ( Gut 2005; 54 :1610-4).
Retinal complications with elevated circulating plasma C5a associated with interferon-α therapy for chronic active hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:2054-6. Abara WE, Qaseem A, Schillie S, McMahon BJ, Harris AM. A hepatitis B infection can result in either an acute infection or a chronic infection. Ontarians with chronic hepatitis C can lose up to 20 per cent of their overall income managing their condition, a new study has found. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-020-01393-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-020-01393-z. HBV = hepatitis B virus. Hou JL, Lai W. The guideline of prevention and treatment for chronic hepatitis B: a 2015 update. The American . 2016;66(2):115–32. Hepatocellular . 0000014509 00000 n 0000020383 00000 n We estimated that the annual incidence of HBeAg-negative hepatitis was the lowest among all the scenarios under the natural history scenario from 2006 (1.69 million) to 2023 (1.13 million). https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/29.4.744. Hepatic failure. Article 0 Hepatitis B and C cause most cases of hepatitis in the United States and the world. The two diseases account for about a million deaths a year and 78 percent of world's hepatocellular carcinoma and more than half of all fatal cirrhosis. 0000072108 00000 n This edition features a major new transplant section focusing on pre-transplant and post-transplant evaluation and management. Also included are updates on key topics such as hepatitis, NASH, and drug-induced pathologies. Additional results. Chronic hepatitis B has become a major public health problem in China. We used join-point regression modelling to investigate trends in these complications from 2006 to 2015, and the impact of demographics on these trends. Thereafter, the annual incidences in the natural history and base case scenarios became close and higher than those in the other three scenarios (Fig. World Health Organization; International Agency for Research on Cancer. 403 0 obj <>stream First, the parameters chosen in the model were selected from different published articles. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.30476. Our model projected that the total number of chronic HCV infections in 2016 was 86.06 million, which is equal to the number reported in the epidemiologic data. This book is aimed at nephrologists, physicians, urologists, nurses, clinical engineers, pharmacists, and nutritionists. It is a significant contribution to furthering the progress of dialysis therapy worldwide. In brief, among all the scenarios, the base case scenario represented the current problems of diagnosis and therapy. For DC, HCC, or LT patients, we assumed that the progression rate was relatively constant regardless of NA therapy. Methods. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.29498. A second person has died from hepatitis A complications after a recent outbreak, according to the Virginia Dept. 0000072376 00000 n Addresses the diagnosis and management of complications that may arise in person with chronic HCV infection and cirrhosis, including ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, varicies, hepatic encephalopathy, and referral for liver transplantation. Privacy According to that standard, implementing a 100% HBV screen and achieving full diagnosis in all Chinese individuals is clinically significant due to the medium-high prevalence nationwide. Chronic HDV infection is the most severe form of viral hepatitis and can have mortality rates as high as 50% within five years in cirrhotic patients. Assessed 12 Oct 2019. The best way to prevent hepatitis B is to get vaccinated. Hepatitis C is often described as "acute," meaning a new infection, or "chronic," meaning long-term infection. Chronic hepatitis, although much less common than acute viral hepatitis Overview of Acute Viral Hepatitis Acute viral hepatitis is inflammation of the liver caused by infection with one of the five hepatitis viruses. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in 2 million men aged 21-49 years in rural China: a population-based, cross-sectional study. a: HBeAg-negative hepatitis incidence; b: HBeAg-positive hepatitis incidence. 0000003631 00000 n Assesed 10 May 2019. Our study constructed a simulated chronic HBV-infected population representing a nationwide baseline in 2006 using the results of the national survey of chronic HBV infection epidemiologic study [20, 21] (Supplementary Tables 1, 2). Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) virus infection affects more than 400 million people globally, of whom 75% are Asians 1, 2: 25-40% of chronic CHB patients will develop complications of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). As chronic hepatitis D progresses, or if the infection is undiagnosed and untreated, the chances of complications like cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer are higher. riers, HBeAg-positive hepatitis, and HBeAg-negative hepa-titis. Unlike hepatitis B and C, hepatitis A does not cause chronic liver disease but it can cause debilitating symptoms and rarely fulminant hepatitis (acute liver failure), which is often fatal. Woo G, Tomlinson G, Nishikawa Y, Kowgier M, Sherman M, Wong DK, et al. Higher viral loads are associated with an . 0000002128 00000 n In the latest nationwide seroepidemiologic survey conducted in 2006, the prevalence rate of HBsAg positivity in the general population was 7.18% [1]. (Uncorrected OCR) Abstract of thesis entitled Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the Chinese: Natural History, Sequelae, Treatment and Prevention Submitted by Yuen Man Fung for the degree of Doctor of Medicine at The University of Hong ... Meanwhile, the vaccine’s effect has already been shown as the new infection number every year in our model. World Health Organization. When a person is first infected with the hepatitis B virus, it is called an "acute infection" (or a new infection).Most healthy adults that are infected do not have any symptoms and are able to get rid of the virus without any problems. 0000010825 00000 n Thus, more efforts are still needed, especially on birth immunization in remote regions and catch-up vaccines for susceptible adults. People living with chronic HBV infection can be classified into several categories according to serum markers and liver function [3, 4], including immune-tolerant carriers, inactive carriers, HBeAg-positive hepatitis, and HBeAg-negative hepatitis. Complications of Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) infection are liver cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). Hepatology. This study included a large patient cohort with chronic hepatitis B and analysed the determinants predicting outcome. Hepatitis C is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis C virus. endstream endobj 402 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/Index[8 321]/Length 34/Size 329/Type/XRef/W[1 1 1]>>stream Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username, I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of Use. We used join-point regression modelling to investigate trends in these complications from 2006 to 2015, and the impact of demographics on these trends. Several previous HBV modeling studies have evaluated the epidemiology of chronic HBV infection in China [17,18,19]. Screening of high-risk subjects in Northern Norway has revealed a relatively low prevalence in the general population (0.24%). 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/hbvfaq.htm. For those already infected, a ‘functional cure’ (HBsAg loss) is the only method available. The five scenarios were as follows: 1) Natural history scenario: No interventions (diagnosis or treatment) were applied; 2) Base case scenario: The current diagnosis and treatment rate simulated were applied from 2004 to 2050; 3) WHO-proposed target scenario: Gradually increased diagnosis and treatment rates and a reduction in the number of new infections were proposed by the WHO, which illustrated an improved diagnosis/treatment rate (Supplementary Tables 3 and 6); 4) Ideal scenario 1—full capacity of diagnosis and treatment: This scenario simulated that all existing HBV-infected patients would be diagnosed, and all treatment-eligible patients could receive and benefit from NA therapy, but annual new infection cases and treatment eligibility were not changed compared with those of the WHO target scenario (Supplementary Table 3); and 5) Ideal case 2—full treatment eligibility: This scenario simulated that all hepatitis and cirrhosis patients were treatment-eligible, but the annual new infection number, diagnosis rate, and treatment rate were unchanged compared with those of the WHO target scenario (Supplementary Tables 3 and 6).
Design: A systematic review of the published medical literature was made to assess whether positive anti-HCV serologic status plays an independent impact on the . Wu J, Zhou Y, Fu X, Deng M, Zheng Y, Tian G, et al. Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Additionally, the large baseline of the infected population would generate a large disease burden of hepatitis and complications every year, greatly exceeding the number of individual HBsAg losses. Since there are no data regarding age structure after 2017, we adopted the same distribution as that adopted in 2017 [22,23,24] (Supplementary Table 3). We report a case of meningitis caused by S. equi subsp. Hepatitis C is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis C virus. Cancer statistics in China, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-3418.2019.12.007 (in Chinese). We simulated only NA therapy, electing not to include interferon therapy due to its finite coverage, numerous side effects and contraindications [13]. This book covers the latest advances in hepatitis C and hepatitis B therapeutics as well as the emerging and investigational treatment strategies. Unlimited viewing of the article/chapter PDF and any associated supplements and figures. It is acquired at birth or later via person-to-person transmission. Third, data from a national open public health database might be underreported. For patients with severe upper gastrointestinal bleeding or refractory ascites in the decompensated chronic hepatitis B, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is a very effective treatment. Clin Infect Dis. Our model simplified and focused on the most important components of these issues. Chronic hepatitis C (HCV) involves a range of complications affecting the liver and other organs throughout the body. Therefore, our study developed an individual-level Markov model aiming to project the disease burden of total chronic HBV infections, cirrhosis, DC, HCC, LT, and HBV-related death from 2006 to 2050 under various scenarios representing different levels of diagnosis, treatment rates, treatment eligibility, and annual new infections. 0000017336 00000 n
2020;5:245–66. A total of 32.67 million HBsAg losses were predicted under the WHO target scenario, slightly less than ideal scenario 1 with 33.42 million and ideal scenario 2 with 33.58 million. Background and aim The long-term outcome of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among patients dually infected with HBV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains unclear. J Viral Hepat. Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related complications have increased over the past decade. https://doi.org/10.7326/M17-1106. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00218-2. In the natural history scenario, we simplified and organized chronic HBV infection status into the following: three ‘CHB states’, including HBsAg-positive inactive carriers, HBeAg-negative hepatitis, HBeAg-positive hepatitis; four ‘complication states’, including cirrhosis, DC, HCC, and LT; and three absorbing states, including HBsAg losses, background deaths, and HBV-related deaths (Supplementary Figure 2).
An accurate depiction of the disease burden has not yet been thoroughly conducted. 0000058036 00000 n The neurologic complications of hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E virus infection are listed in Table 1. Hepatitis C (HCV) infection causes an asymptomatic chronic hepatitis in most affected individuals, which often remains undetected until cirrhosis and cirrhosis-related complications occur. cirrhosis, a condition in which scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue and prevents your liver from working normally. 0000048080 00000 n Sun M, Li C, Li P, Lu J, Wang Y, Chang F, et al. This study aimed to determine differences between AST, ALT, and albumin in CHB patients without complications . 2015;23(12):888–905. Patients with chronic viral hepatitis can transmit the infection to others with blood or body fluids (for example, sharing needles, sexually, and infrequently by organ donation) as well as infrequently by transmission from mother to . Zheng, Y., Wu, J., Ding, C. et al. This 2020 edition includes: · Country-specific risk guidelines for yellow fever and malaria, including expert recommendations and 26 detailed, country-level maps · Detailed maps showing distribution of travel-related illnesses, including ... Ideal scenarios 1 and 2 contribute to the lowest disease burden of HBV and its complications in the future, in which new infection control is more effective than increasing diagnosis, treatment rate and treatment eligibility. "Chronic hepatitis C can lead to end-stage liver disease, which is characterized by . 0000035714 00000 n By using this website, you agree to our endstream endobj 330 0 obj <>/Metadata 6 0 R/Pages 5 0 R/StructTreeRoot 8 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 331 0 obj <. About 20% to 30% of people with chronic HCV will develop cirrhosis over a 20- to 30-year . In general, complications of viral hepatitis may include the following: Acute or subacute hepatic necrosis. Considering these potential progressions and adverse outcomes, the World Health Organization (WHO) endorsed its first global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis in 2016 with the goal of eliminating hepatitis B and C by 2030 [10]. PubMed Google Scholar. Learn more. We aimed to project the disease burden of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and related complications by modeling various scenarios. We also assumed that those who met the treatment criteria in the Chinese Medical Association and Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) guidelines for HBeAg-negative hepatitis, HBeAg-positive hepatitis and cirrhosis states could receive NA therapy and achieve a virological response (defined as undetectable serum HBV DNA during therapy), thereafter progressing at different probability rates (see Supplementary Table 5) [4, 29]. CAS It's important to be under a doctor's care for hepatitis and any conditions you get because of it. Population health impact and cost-effectiveness of monitoring inactive chronic hepatitis B and treating eligible patients in Shanghai, China. 0000026876 00000 n The WHO targeted scenario and ideal scenario 1 represented a gradually and rapidly increased diagnosis and treatment rate, respectively. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2305.161477. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Asian American and Black/African American patients demonstrated significantly higher rates of cirrhosis than White patients, while older patients and men demonstrated higher rates of cirrhosis and mortality. 0000006331 00000 n 2015;10(9):e0138765. Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), and albumin may be used as indicators of hepatocyte damage. Annual incidence of Cirrhosis, DC, HCC, LT. a: Cirrhosis incidence; b: DC incidence; c: HCC incidence; d: LT incidence. For those who did not achieve a virological response, we assumed that they had the same progression as that observed in the natural history scenario. Google Scholar. 2019. https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/97/3/18-219469-ab/en/. Common causes of hepatitis are viruses, infections, alcohol, drugs, toxins, and others. It can cause chronic infection and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer. Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Screening, 2014.https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/hepatitis-b-virus-infection-screening-2014. Over time, perhaps a decade or more, both types may lead to the serious complication of cirrhosis due to ongoing destruction of liver cells and resultant scarring. It is estimated that at least 12 million people worldwide are currently co-infected with HDV and HBV. Once diagnosed, patients were assumed to accept their condition and awareness of HBV infection. Chronic Hepatitis B Infection. 0000039257 00000 n Ideal scenario 2 mainly represented expanded treatment eligibility. 0000027039 00000 n 2009;122(1):3–4. 2014;20(20):6262–78. trailer
Figure 1b reveals cumulative HBV-related deaths under different scenarios. Lanjuan Li. Google Scholar. We aimed to project the disease burden of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and related complications by modeling various scenarios.
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