Newar literature also emerged as a premier literary tradition. [97] In the lower hills (700 m – 2,000 m), subtropical and temperate deciduous mixed forests containing mostly Sal (in the lower altitudes), Chilaune and Katus, as well as subtropical pine forest dominated by Chir Pine are common. [56] In the late 15th century, Malla princes divided their kingdom in four – Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur in the valley and Banepa to the east. [1] Before the Nepali government started promoting Dhaka topis, Bhaad-gaaule topis largely made in Bhaktapur were the popular Nepali headgear, especially common to Newaris. [149], Nepal depends on diplomacy for national defence. [92], Among the notable trees, are the astringent Azadirachta indica, or neem, which is widely used in traditional herbal medicine,[98] and the luxuriant Ficus religiosa, or peepal,[99] which is displayed on the ancient seals of Mohenjo-daro,[100] and under which Gautam Buddha is recorded in the Pali canon to have sought enlightenment. [89] Saptakoshi, in particular, carries a huge amount of silt out of Nepal but sees extreme drop in Gradient in Bihar, causing severe floods and course changes, and is, therefore, known as the sorrow of Bihar. The Nepali rupee has been tied to the Indian rupee at an exchange rate of 1.6 for many years. [38] Prehistoric sites of palaeolithic, mesolithic and neolithic origins have been discovered in the Siwalik hills of Dang district. Nepal is a signatory to the Geneva Convention, Conventions/Treaties on the prohibition of Biological, Chemical and Nuclear weapons,[141] International Labour Organization Fundamental Conventions, Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Paris climate accord. [243] The capital, Kathmandu, nicknamed the "City of temples", is the largest city in the country and the cultural and economic heart. [201] Private investment, consumption, tourism and agriculture are the principal contributors to economic growth.[186]. [345], The only international stadium in the country is the multi-purpose Dasarath Stadium where the men and women national football teams play their home matches. It describes a magnificent seven-storied pagoda in the middle of a palace, with copper-tiled roofs, its balustrade, grills, columns and beams set about with fine and precious stones, and four golden sculptures of Makaras in the four corners of the base spouting water from their mouths like a fountain, supplied by copper pipes connected to the runnels at the top of the tower. Until the beginning of the first millennium AD, the ordinary dress of people in South Asia was entirely unstitched. [278] In modern times, Tibetans and Bhutanese have constituted a majority of refugees in Nepal. Many laws remain unenforced in practice. The Dhaka topi was a part of the Nepalese national dress, and a symbol of Nepalese nationality. These kalo topis (blacks caps), once preferred by Rana dynasty elites, are now making a comeback, particularly among the youth. Local dialects in the Terai and hills are mostly unwritten with efforts underway to develop systems for writing many in Devanagari or the Roman alphabet. A Tang dynasty Chinese travel book, probably based on records from c. 650 AD, describes contemporary Nepali architecture, predominantly built with wood, as rich in artistry, as well as wood and metal sculpture. [27][28][29][22] It has also been proposed that Nepa is a Tibeto-Burman stem consisting of Ne (cattle) and Pa (keeper), reflecting the fact that early inhabitants of the valley were Gopalas (cowherds) and Mahispalas (buffalo-herds). Adjoining areas are believed to be known as Nepal UPSC mains paper, where one is required to 20... Eradicate poverty within 20 years and prominent example thus began the reputation of Gurkhas as fierce and soldiers. [ 3 ], the Panchayat rule modernised the country by population 93rd... Subsides, expectations change and patients find ways to cope prone-zone, and the Chinese province Yunnan. 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