PMC J Pers Soc Psychol. Found inside – Page 331For example , to give a person an amorphous goal such as “ to work harder " is much less likely to motivate the individual ... The general theory of cognitive dissonance was first proposed by Festinger ( Korman 1977 : 59-63 ) and is ... �L2����ϊ��T�Q��L�b��0� 2015 Dec;18(6):2318-27. doi: 10.1111/hex.12201. Cognitive Dissonance and Self-Perception Theories Essay. Found inside – Page 256This kind of analysis has enabled us to elaborate cognitive dissonance in a way not explicitly stated by Festinger (1957) in his theory: Cognitive dissonance is a general “motivational state” that occurs when there is some prior motive ... Essentially, this is a situation where two or more opposing thoughts are causing psychological discomfort. Epub 2019 Nov 7. 2020 Mar 1;146:104511. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104511. Cognitive Dissonance Psychologist Leon Festinger will be remembered for his theory of cognitive dissonance. 2018 Jul 5;9:1136. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01136. cessary. J Gen Intern Med. Collectively, these are called, "cognitions.". Cognitive dissonance theory Main article: Cognitive dissonance Main article: Cognitive dissonance theories of motivation. %PDF-1.4
Cognitive Motivation From Curiosity to Identity, Purpose and Meaning. 2: A theoretical grounding of motivational interviewing. People find consistency comfortable and prefer to be consistent in their thoughts, beliefs, emotions, values, attitudes, and actions. Leon Festinger’s 1957 A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance is a key text in the history of psychology – one that made its author one of the most influential social psychologists of his time. In the Beginning. In this qualitative Attitude change as a motivational factor in producing behavior change related to implementing primary nursing. %���� These study guides provide peer-reviewed articles that allow students early success in finding scholarly materials and to gain the confidence and vocabulary needed to pursue deeper research. 2015 May;108(5):697-710. doi: 10.1037/a0038933. Meat-related cognitive dissonance: A conceptual framework for understanding how meat eaters reduce negative arousal from eating animals. Cognitive dissonance is the tension that arises from having two conflicting thoughts in your head at the same time. Cognitive dissonance: Reexamining a pivotal theory in .
While cognitive theories like Maslow's need hierarchy argues that internal needs lead to behaviour, reinforcement theory states that external consequences tend to determine behaviour. This book has referenced the latest scientific advances that are peer validated and accepted as relevant facts by the scientific community. As a matter of fact, this book is a veritable tome on matters pertaining to cognitive dissonance. 8600 Rockville Pike In the 1990s, cognitive consistency theories experienced a rebirth, primarily through renewed interest in cognitive dissonance theory (Aronson 1992). 1: An overview of the literature and its integration into theory and practice in clinical psychology Br J Clin Psychol . At Kansas, Jack devoted himself to understanding affective processes even more fundamental than dissonance and reactance. Found inside – Page 577Other embodiment research on motiVational direction has used different arm postures. ... 578 Motivation Cognitive dissonance theory originally was proposed by Leon Trim Size: 7in x 10in wied vol. c17.tex V1 - 12/28/2017 7:55 A.M. Page ... Second, when dissonance is present, a person will avoid situations and stimuli that would add to their distress. Cognitive dissonance is an uncomfortable feeling caused by holding two contradictory ideas simultaneously. Jackson AT, Howes SS, Kausel EE, Young ME, Loftis ME. "It's an uncomfortable state of mind when someone has contradictory values, attitudes, or perspectives about the same thing," says psychiatrist Grant H. Brenner MD, FAPA, co-founder of Neighborhood Psychiatry, in Manhattan. To reduce this feeling of imbalance, individuals may change their attitude or behavior to regain the feeling of consistency. Prevention and treatment information (HHS). Cognitive Dissonance. In this new and fully-updated edition, editor Eddie Harmon-Jones brings the study of cognitive dissonance into the 21st century. Evidence that dissonant cognitions cause compensatory affirmation and abstraction. Cognitive theories of motivation rely on your thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes to explain your motivation. the degree of complexity or difficulty of the goal. This unsettling feeling brings about intense motivation to get rid of the inconsistency. Found inside – Page 114In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino ( Eds . ) , Handbook of motivation and cognition : Foundations of social ... In E. HarmonJones & J. Mills ( Eds . ) , Cognitive dissonance : Progress on a pivotal theory in social psychology ( pp .
In 1975, Jack joined the psychology faculty at the University of Kansas. . The most famous and widely cited of these theories is Cognitive Dissonance (CDT). Leon Festinger introduced cognitive dissonance theory in a 1957 book, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Ideally, the shorter the time between the . �0F����_*H�Dj��)�Εs5S��Dj������g�@'b�#xq҃��D+}�_. However, this method frequently presents problems to individuals, since it is quite difficult for people to change their views, for instance, drinking. endstream Herzberg's Cognitive Dissonance Theory. Dissonance arises everyday through interactions with other people and . The number of variations within this approach to self-evaluation regulation is also substantial. endstream the time set for the attainment of a goal. endstream Motivational basis of dissonance: the singular role of behavioral consequences. Theory in implementing evidence-based findings into health care practice. Mills (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association), 71-99. doi: 10.1037/10318-004 Managers frequently seek ways to create effective and lasting change among employees. The standard approach in positive political theory posits that action choices are the consequences of preferences. Found inside – Page 265Summary 265 Self-Perception Theory Cognitive dissonance theory argues that people develop and change their beliefs in response to a negative motivational–emotional state born in cognitive contradiction (i.e., a core “I am a good person” ... Methods: x�%˱�0н_qGhmb��)�١n.X��@k�^%��$���l��j`���h�z/�5�"�����,�#��\"�_���m���%G��B�B�6����(F��Q�u]�s Randles D, Inzlicht M, Proulx T, Tullett AM, Heine SJ. endobj Incentive theory began to emerge during the 1940s and 1950s, building on the earlier drive theories established by psychologists such as Clark Hull. Cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger, 1957) continues to develop and inspire new research. 2020 Mar 1;146:104511. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104511. This book provides an overview of the cognitive consistency field and of the place of cognitive dissonance theory. Of particular interest is the role of cognitive dissonance on motivation.These contradictory cognitions may be attitudes, beliefs, or awareness of one's behavior. When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors (dissonance), something must change to eliminate the dissonance. x� �A The dissonant state lasts for a few minutes, but its effects can last for up to two weeks, and might be reinstated by reintroducing the original inconsistency. Found inside – Page 161on Intrinsic Motivation In 1957, Festinger proposed a theory of cognitive dissonance which has probably generated more research than any other theory in social psychology. Briefly, cognitive dissonance theory asserts that if a person ... Cognitive dissonance refers to the uncomfortable feeling that occurs when there is a conflict between one's belief and behavior [1]. This volume of essays, by some of today's leading philosophers, explores all these topics, as well as the methods, results and status of the theory itself, while two 'classical' discussions by Wittgenstein and Sartre are also included. Cognitive Dissonance. Maslow pyramid adapted from "Renovating the Pyramid of Needs: Contemporary Extensions Built upon Ancient Foundations" by D. T. Kenrick et al., 2010, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 292-314 (see p. 293), and from "A Theory of Human Needs Should Be Human-Centered, Not Animal-Centered: Commentary on Kenrick et al. When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors (dissonance), something must change to eliminate the . It suggests that inconsistencies among cognitions (i.e., knowledge, opinion, or belief about the environment, oneself, or one's behavior) generate an uncomfortable motivating feeling (i.e., the cognitive dissonance state). Conclusion • Cognitive Dissonance have many useful applications in the field of education, in motivating students to engage in educational activities • The theory also predicts that individuals reward for the performance of a task • Knowledge of these dynamics would be beneficial not only in the fields of motivation, persuasive psychology . This body of literature may provide insights into the conduct of therapy generally, as well as into the mechanisms of specific therapies which may guide modifications or development of alternative interventions. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Start studying Chapter 5/Cognitive Dissonance Theory/Motivation. Is dissonance reduction a special case of fluid compensation? Cognitive Dissonance Theory Wicklund and Brehm (1976) commented on the 20-year history of dissonance theory by observing, "To the extent that dissonance theory has evolved since 1957, the evolution has been primarily due to the discovery that responsibility is a prerequisite for effects that we call dissonance reduction" (p. 71).
The distressing (aversive) mental state termed cognitive dissonance is therefore conceptualized as an aversive drive. 1998 Sep;37(3):355-64. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1998.tb01391.x. The purpose of cognitive dissonance theory is to change the attitude of the participants to take responsibilities for his or her actions. endstream In his theory on hierarchy of needs, Maslow asserted that every human-being has a 5-level hierarchy of needs ranging from physiological, to safety and security and to self-actualization. Enhancing motivation within a rapid opioid substitution treatment feasibility RCT: a nested qualitative study. Found inside – Page 127Conclusion How must a person be constituted in order to be capable of motivation by principle? The possession of principles requires an agent, ... “Application and Assessment of Cognitive-Dissonance Theory in the Learning Process. .Cognitive Dissonance Theory According to Myers (2010), cognitive dissonance is a situation that arises bringing tension from ides and actions upon each other. Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. 2015 May;108(5):697-710. doi: 10.1037/a0038933. This book discusses the relationship between assumptions and motivation for consistency. Organized into nine chapters, this book begins with an overview of the area of study, empirical problems, and theoretical issues. The study of motivation can be contributed to many philosophers in the early times that include three grand theories known as will, instinct and drive which have led to a better understanding of human motivation; however I have elected to examine Cognitive Dissonance theory which is a mini theory that will explain some of motivated behavior. The book recommends that the National Institute on Aging focus its research support in social, personality, and life-span psychology in four areas: motivation and behavioral change; socioemotional influences on decision-making; the ... Found inside – Page 52It only relates that the individual will be motivated to “do something” to bring attitudes and behaviors into balance. Cognitive dissonance theory has many practical managerial applications for motivating employees and is the ... Leon Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance has been widely recognized for its important and influential concepts in areas of motivation and social psychology. The fundamental principles of the theory can be summarized as follows: individuals are predisposed towards organizing their inner beliefs, values, and views in accord and avoid . Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! In this book, he provides a brilliant and engagingly-written review of the 50-year history of dissonance research and a masterful account of the ensuing developments in the theory. Found inside – Page 3MOTIVATION Motivation is a term that describes forces acting on or within an organism that initiate, direct, ... Cognitive dissonance theory holds that individuals experience tension or discomfort when a deeply held value or belief is ... Cognitive dissonance is purported to be a powerful motivator for change. Epub 2019 Sep 30. It provides an introduction to the theory and covers the topics of cognitive dissonance following decisions, the effects of forced compliance, the impacts of voluntary and involuntary exposure to . Suggested by Leon Festinger, cognitive dissonance occurs when an individual experiences some degree of discomfort resulting from an inconsistency between two cognitions: their views on the world around them, and their own . This book is a core text on Islamic psychology for undergraduate and postgraduate students and those undertaking continuing professional development in Islamic psychology, psychotherapy and counselling. According to Festinger, cognitive dissonance occurs when people's thoughts and feelings are inconsistent with their behavior, which results in an uncomfortable, disharmonious feeling. Results: "Toward an understanding of the motivation underlying dissonance effects: is the production of aversive consequences necessary,' in Cognitive Dissonance: Progress on a Pivotal Theory in Social Psychology, eds E. Harmon-Jones and J. Cognitive dissonance, a form of psychological stress, commonly occurs in the learning . Found inside – Page 303Cognitive Dissonance It is generally acknowledged that “the problem of cognitive dynamics is the social psychological ... Dissonance theory is concerned with the motivational effects of the relationships between cognitive elements.
Cognitive dissonance is a theory of human motivation that asserts that it is psychologically uncomfortable to hold contradictory cognitions. Festinger's (1957) cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we have an inner drive to hold all our attitudes and behavior in harmony and avoid disharmony (or dissonance). Nipp RD, Greer JA, El-Jawahri A, Moran SM, Traeger L, Jacobs JM, Jacobsen JC, Gallagher ER, Park ER, Ryan DP, Jackson VA, Pirl WF, Temel JS.
This volume provides an overview of recent research on the nature, causes, and consequences of cognitive consistency. Leon Festinger first published the theory in 1957 and it is still widely used in research (Cooper, 2007). A new general theory of cognitive motivation, combining affective and cognitive principles, is applied to a range of purposive behaviour. Front Psychol. Rather than focusing on more intrinsic forces behind motivation, the incentive theory proposes that people are pulled toward behaviors that lead to rewards and pushed away from actions that might . Purpose: The theory is that dissonance, being unpleasant, motivates a person to change his cognition, attitude, or behavior. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! With the renewed interest in motivation, and the interaction of cognition and affect, researchers are once again taking up the questions (and there are many) left unanswered by earlier cognitive . In this paper, we are primarily interested in Festinger's theory as one of a diverse range of motivation that impels an organism to pursue a goal or to satisfy a need, such as sex, hunger, or self-preservation. Bethesda, MD 20894, Help Published in 1976, Perspectives on Cognitive Dissonance is a valuable contribution to the field of Social Psychology. In the 1990s, cognitive consistency theories experienced a rebirth, primarily through renewed interest in cognitive dissonance theory (Aronson 1992). • Cognitive approaches to motivation focus on how a person's cognitions —and especially cognitive dissonance —influence their motivation. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. With the renewed interest in motivation, and the interaction of cognition and affect, researchers are once again taking up the questions (and there are many) left unanswered by earlier cognitive . The theory of dissonance is here applied to the problem of why partial reward, delay of reward , and effort expenditure during training result in increased resistance to extinction. endobj Online publication date: August 2017; 4 - Cognitive Dissonance. Alonso-Coello P, Montori VM, Díaz MG, Devereaux PJ, Mas G, Diez AI, Solà I, Roura M, Souto JC, Oliver S, Ruiz R, Coll-Vinent B, Gich I, Schünemann HJ, Guyatt G. Health Expect. Carlsmith, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001 1 Foundations of Dissonance Theory. Expectancy-value theory According to expectancy-value theory, behaviour is a function of the expectancies one has and the value of the goal toward which one is working [expressed . When inconsistency exists, an individual feels an imbalance or dissonance. Found inside – Page 152Cognitive dissonance theory advocated by Leon Festinger, also emphasized the role of motivation. Cognitive dissonance denotes an imbalance between what we believe (cognition) and what we do (conation). It may produce a psychological ... Appetite. eCollection 2018. endobj �L2����ϊ��T�Q��L�b��0� Model developed by B.F Skinner is quite different from the cognitive theories of motivation. The theory of cognitive dissonance developed by Leon Festinger became one of the most important milestones in the area of social psychology and mechanisms of motivation. When this happens, we experience mental discomfort such as anxious and stressed. To reduce this feeling of imbalance, individuals may change their attitude or behavior to regain the . Cognitive dissonance is a psychological term referring to the mental incompatibility between two or more beliefs. Prevention and treatment information (HHS).
motivation - motivation - Cognitive dissonance: One of the most popular cognitive approaches to the study of motivation has been the theory of cognitive dissonance, first systematically studied by the American psychologist Leon Festinger. Careers. Cognitive Dissonance Theory. Examples of such inconsistencies or dissonance could include someone who . People find consistency comfortable and prefer to be consistent in their thoughts, beliefs, emotions, values, attitudes, and actions. According to one cognitive theory of motivation, the Goal Setting Theory, three factors affect our probability of success in achieving an outcome. the degree of complexity or difficulty of the goal. 1999 Aug;14(4):217-20. doi: 10.1016/s1089-9472(99)80085-9. Cognitive Dissonance Theory and Motivation for Change November 2003 Gastroenterology nursing: the official journal of the Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates 26(6):242-5 One of the main purposes of cognitive dissonance theory is to change the individual's attitudes and hold them accountable for their actions. In this new and fully-updated edition, editor Eddie Harmon-Jones brings the study of cognitive dissonance into the 21st century. The purpose of cognitive dissonance theory is to change the attitude of the participants to take responsibilities for his or her actions. "This book first presents a brief description of the theoretical statement of cognitive dissonance as it appeared in Festinger's book Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. 2019 Outstanding Academic Title This volume describes advances in the theory of cognitive dissonance, from its origination in 1954 to the present day. The literature supports the existence of the phenomenon termed cognitive dissonance, and one can distil the principles underlying its production, maintenance and reduction. When inconsistency exists, an individual feels an imbalance or dissonance. An example of this approach is cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger 1957).According to dissonance theory, self-esteem is threatened by inconsistency. The clashing cognitions may include ideas, beliefs, or the knowledge that . To create lasting change, it is believed that a change in attitudes, beliefs, or values may be necessary. . Cognitive Dissonance Theory Definition. The apparent success of cognitive principles in accounting for several behaviors has led social psychologists to question the need for motivations and other hot dispositional constructs. J Perianesth Nurs. Found inside – Page 294Dissonance theory , as cognitive balance theory , is concerned with the motivational effects of the relationships between cognitive elements . The elements in dissonance theory refer to " beliefs " or " knowledge . There are three ways to handle this phenomenon: changing your behavior . Herein, we briefly review the original theory and recent theoretical devel-opments focused on action. Festinger described that cognitive dissonance occurs whenever people are confronted with facts that contradict their beliefs, values, and ideas; they will thrive on finding a way to . 1998 Sep;37(3):341-53. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1998.tb01390.x. The theory is that dissonance, being unpleasant, motivates a person to change his cognition, attitude, or behavior.". Meat-related cognitive dissonance: A conceptual framework for understanding how meat eaters reduce negative arousal from eating animals. Epub 2017 Jun 2. Bookshelf The Reciprocal Relationships Between Escalation, Anger, and Confidence in Investment Decisions Over Time. <>>>/BBox[0 0 653.73 833.73]/Length 117>>stream Cognitive dissonance is a psychological state that occurs when there is an inconsistency between our attitudes and our behaviours (or beliefs). The second way in which a dissonance can be reduced . Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine The Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning provides an up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the specific terms mostly used in the sciences of learning and its related fields, including relevant areas of instruction, pedagogy, ... 15 0 obj Well replicated findings based on experimentally sound paradigms were integrated to produce an overall view of the evidence in favour of the existence of these processes, and of the principles behind them. Montier (2002) "Cognitive dissonance is a theory of human motivation that asserts that it is psychologically uncomfortable to hold contradictory cognitions. Cognitive dissonance theory is evaluated in particular detail. Ideas derived from other areas of psychology and attitude change theories based on learning, perception, and cognitive motivation are also well represented in this volume. According to cognitive dissonance theory, we have an intrinsic motivation to resolve the dissonance in order to protect our self-esteem (Schneider, Gruman, & Coutts, 2005). Accessibility Leon Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance has been widely recognized for its important and influential concepts in areas of motivation and social psychology. Festinger's theory said that when a person holds contradictory elements in cognition (producing an unpleasant state called dissonance) the person will work to bring the elements back into agreement or congruence. 1989 Jun;56(6):899-906. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.56.6.899. x�%˱�0н_qGhmb��)�١n.X��@k�^%��$���l��j`���h�z/�5�"�����,�#��\"�_���m���%G��B�B�6����(F��Q�u]�s Originally published: Evanston, Ill.: Row, Peterson, c1957. This theory proposed that people attempt to maintain consistency among their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours. 2006 Feb;21 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S43-9. Self-consistency for low self-esteem in dissonance processes: the role of self-standards. Randles D, Inzlicht M, Proulx T, Tullett AM, Heine SJ. Would you like email updates of new search results? Cognitive dissonance. His PhD dissertation research established the free choice cognitive dissonance paradigm and was the first dissonance study to be published. Epub 2018 Dec 15. Epub 2014 May 12. According to Leon Festinger (1957 . First, the presence of dissonance will cause a person to try to eliminate it and achieve consonance. The theory of cognitive dissonance is composed of two parts. Cognitive dissonance theory believes that if a person can own or take responsibility for his or her negative actions they are more likely to change the behavior (Cheng & Hsu, 2012). People find consistency comfortable and prefer to be consistent in their thoughts, beliefs, emotions, values, attitudes, and actions. Br J Clin Psychol. J Pers Soc Psychol. When inconsistency exists, an individual feels an imbalance or dissonance. Specifically, this book approaches the topic from biological, individual cognition, small group/systems, and domestic/global population perspectives. Epub 2015 Apr 6. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine
Cognitive Motivation; Cognitive Dissonance; Cognitive Motivation. Cognitive dissonance theory generally produces sensational discomfort, which leads to alterations in a particular behavior, belief, or attitude. Get the information you need--fast! This all-embracing guide offers a thorough view of key knowledge and detailed insight. This Guide introduces what you want to know about Cognitive dissonance. Is dissonance reduction a special case of fluid compensation? Cognitive approaches to motivation focus on how a person's motivation is influenced by their cognitions or mental processes. , Volume 10. The theory of cognitive dissonance is elegantly simple: it states that inconsistency between two cognitions creates an aversive state akin to hunger or thirst that gives rise to a motivation to reduce the inconsistency. This is known as the principle of cognitive consistency. 2019 Feb;159:42-54. doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2018.12.013. Found insideThe individuals' perceptions of cognitive dissonance are dependent on their perceptions of themselves as thecausal ... Itistheir belief that attributiontheory is superior to dissonance theory, because itcan concomitantly explainthe ... x�%˱�0н_qGhmb��)�١n.X��@k�^%��$���l��j`���h�z/�5�"�����,�#��\"�_���m���%G��B�B�6����(F��Q�u]�s Accessibility 2017 Aug 1;35(22):2551-2557. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2016.71.3404. In the book, The Handbook of Motivation Science, the authors claim that attitude cognitive element holds a heavier value over the other elements by saying it can change the behavior of a person. J Pers Soc Psychol. Found inside – Page 216Recently, there has been a decline of interest in cognitive dissonance theory. Perhaps, part of the reason for this has to do with its focus on the motivational concept of tension-reduction. By the mid- and late-1970s, ... This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Found inside – Page 311Thus, future research relating the three steps to the variables identified in modern reformulations of dissonance theory may help to further clarify the interplay between cognitive and motivational processes in cognitive dissonance. While this is definitely a different form of motivation than psychologists are used to dealing with, it's . In this regard, what is cognitive approach to motivation? The first theories on motivation and work motivation were developed by Maslow (1954), Herzberg (1959), and McGregor (1960). • The theory of cognitive dissonance proposes that people have a motivational drive to reduce contradictory cognitions by either changing or justifying their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. Found inside – Page 39One theory that explains how ethical motivation may function can be found in cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger, 1957). Festinger (1957) first introduced cognitive dissonance theory, which states that when there is a difference ... the time set for the attainment of a goal. <>>>/BBox[0 0 653.73 833.73]/Length 140>>stream
J. Cooper, K.M. Epub 2019 Nov 7. Hence, in smokers' case, knowing cigarettes will cause harm on their health yet they are smoking, will induce the psychological discomfort. �L2����ϊ��T�Q��L�b��0� Epub 2015 Apr 6. An Introduction to Cognitive Dissonance Theory 5 the reason it has been so generative is that the theory was stated in very gen-eral, highly abstract terms. MeSH A. Tesser, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001 3.2 Cognitive Consistency. His theory and research centered on the subjective feeling of tension or discomfort that occurs when a person's beliefs do not match their behaviors. When Festinger proposed cognitive dissonance theory, the behaviorist perspective and reinforcement theory (e.g., Skinner 1938) were influential in how theorists thought about human behavior.According to the behaviorist perspective, people are motivated to hold particular attitudes and behave in certain ways to gain positive reinforcement and avoid punishment. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. The theory of cognitive dissonance was molded by Leon Festinger at the beginning of the 1950s. 12 0 obj
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