The troubles that began in the Congo immediately after independence in July 1960 provided the first opportunity for mercenaries to be employed as fighting units since World War II. Raymond Ibrahim, American Thinker, September 21, 2020. The Belgians only allowed the first class of Africans into the University of Lovanium in Leopoldville in 1954. But some had a lot of power and freedom of action and were very close to the party, or the rebel leader who employed them. 06 Nov 2007 Meera Selva writes: Tony Mockler headed to the Congo over forty years ago in a youthful, impetuous rush looking for stories of the wicked and wild white mercenaries wreaking havoc with a newly independent African country. A set of pictures on Twitter claiming that "white French mercenaries helping Boko Haram" were killed by the Nigerian Army is not true. .c_dVyWK3BXRxSN3ULLJ_t{border-radius:4px 4px 0 0;height:34px;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}._1OQL3FCA9BfgI57ghHHgV3{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start;margin-top:32px}._1OQL3FCA9BfgI57ghHHgV3 ._33jgwegeMTJ-FJaaHMeOjV{border-radius:9001px;height:32px;width:32px}._1OQL3FCA9BfgI57ghHHgV3 ._1wQQNkVR4qNpQCzA19X4B6{height:16px;margin-left:8px;width:200px}._39IvqNe6cqNVXcMFxFWFxx{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin:12px 0}._39IvqNe6cqNVXcMFxFWFxx ._29TSdL_ZMpyzfQ_bfdcBSc{-ms-flex:1;flex:1}._39IvqNe6cqNVXcMFxFWFxx .JEV9fXVlt_7DgH-zLepBH{height:18px;width:50px}._39IvqNe6cqNVXcMFxFWFxx ._3YCOmnWpGeRBW_Psd5WMPR{height:12px;margin-top:4px;width:60px}._2iO5zt81CSiYhWRF9WylyN{height:18px;margin-bottom:4px}._2iO5zt81CSiYhWRF9WylyN._2E9u5XvlGwlpnzki78vasG{width:230px}._2iO5zt81CSiYhWRF9WylyN.fDElwzn43eJToKzSCkejE{width:100%}._2iO5zt81CSiYhWRF9WylyN._2kNB7LAYYqYdyS85f8pqfi{width:250px}._2iO5zt81CSiYhWRF9WylyN._1XmngqAPKZO_1lDBwcQrR7{width:120px}._3XbVvl-zJDbcDeEdSgxV4_{border-radius:4px;height:32px;margin-top:16px;width:100%}._2hgXdc8jVQaXYAXvnqEyED{animation:_3XkHjK4wMgxtjzC1TvoXrb 1.5s ease infinite;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--newCommunityTheme-field),var(--newCommunityTheme-inactive),var(--newCommunityTheme-field));background-size:200%}._1KWSZXqSM_BLhBzkPyJFGR{background-color:var(--newCommunityTheme-widgetColors-sidebarWidgetBackgroundColor);border-radius:4px;padding:12px;position:relative;width:auto} ._3Qx5bBCG_O8wVZee9J-KyJ{border-top:1px solid var(--newRedditTheme-line);margin-top:16px;padding-top:16px}._3Qx5bBCG_O8wVZee9J-KyJ ._2NbKFI9n3wPM76pgfAPEsN{margin:0;padding:0}._3Qx5bBCG_O8wVZee9J-KyJ ._2NbKFI9n3wPM76pgfAPEsN ._2btz68cXFBI3RWcfSNwbmJ{font-family:Noto Sans,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:400;line-height:21px;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:8px 0}._3Qx5bBCG_O8wVZee9J-KyJ ._2NbKFI9n3wPM76pgfAPEsN ._2btz68cXFBI3RWcfSNwbmJ.QgBK4ECuqpeR2umRjYcP2{opacity:.4}._3Qx5bBCG_O8wVZee9J-KyJ ._2NbKFI9n3wPM76pgfAPEsN ._2btz68cXFBI3RWcfSNwbmJ label{font-size:12px;font-weight:500;line-height:16px;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}._3Qx5bBCG_O8wVZee9J-KyJ ._2NbKFI9n3wPM76pgfAPEsN ._2btz68cXFBI3RWcfSNwbmJ label svg{fill:currentColor;height:20px;margin-right:4px;width:20px;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto}._3Qx5bBCG_O8wVZee9J-KyJ ._4OtOUaGIjjp2cNJMUxme_{-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between}._3Qx5bBCG_O8wVZee9J-KyJ ._4OtOUaGIjjp2cNJMUxme_ svg{display:inline-block;height:12px;width:12px}._2b2iJtPCDQ6eKanYDf3Jho{-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto}._4OtOUaGIjjp2cNJMUxme_{padding:0 12px}._1ra1vBLrjtHjhYDZ_gOy8F{font-family:Noto Sans,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:unset;line-height:16px;text-transform:unset;--textColor:var(--newCommunityTheme-widgetColors-sidebarWidgetTextColor);--textColorHover:var(--newCommunityTheme-widgetColors-sidebarWidgetTextColorShaded80);font-size:10px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.5px;line-height:12px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--textColor);fill:var(--textColor);opacity:1}._1ra1vBLrjtHjhYDZ_gOy8F._2UlgIO1LIFVpT30ItAtPfb{--textColor:var(--newRedditTheme-widgetColors-sidebarWidgetTextColor);--textColorHover:var(--newRedditTheme-widgetColors-sidebarWidgetTextColorShaded80)}._1ra1vBLrjtHjhYDZ_gOy8F:active,._1ra1vBLrjtHjhYDZ_gOy8F:hover{color:var(--textColorHover);fill:var(--textColorHover)}._1ra1vBLrjtHjhYDZ_gOy8F:disabled,._1ra1vBLrjtHjhYDZ_gOy8F[data-disabled],._1ra1vBLrjtHjhYDZ_gOy8F[disabled]{opacity:.5;cursor:not-allowed}._3a4fkgD25f5G-b0Y8wVIBe{margin-right:8px} This law mainly targeted the former soldiers South African soldiers who tend to be white or special forces in the apartheid-era regime. South Africa's ageing white mercenaries who helped turn tide on Boko Haram. But Biafra and Congo were the two "main" mercenary wars that brought attention to the white soldier of fortune in Africa. By February 1961, these Belgian and French mercenaries "numbered 400-500 of whom 210 were Belgian regulars who had worn the uniform of the Force Publique since September 1960" - that is, they were the 180 men plus instructors that Tshombe had asked for on 18 September (Clarke 25). Last year, a political party in Germany provoked controversy when it used the following painting in its election campaign to illustrate one of the reasons it was against . Mockler, Anthony. This was simply not true. This sort of savagery and callousness certainly earned a certain sort of reputation for the mercenaries which they were all too happy to exploit. THE WHITE MERCENARY AND THE NIGERIAN CIVIL WAR. There was, at first glance, no obvious reason for doing it. The Mercenaries: The Men Who Fight for Profit - from the Free Companies of Feudal France to the White Adventurers in the Congo. ._3K2ydhts9_ES4s9UpcXqBi{display:block;padding:0 16px;width:100%} These men have a track record of providing quality . Moise Tshombe of Katanga originally had a great deal of Belgian support, but later turned to European mercs to bolster his fighting force. The pictures were rather of two Spanish journalists and an Irish-Zambian conservationist who were killed in an ambush during an anti-poaching patrol. These latter then quit the country. The mercenaries, who became involved in Angola during the chaos that developed as the Portuguese withdrew in 1975, appeared to have learned nothing from either the Congo or Nigeria. Tshombe and Kalonji in South Kasai hired mercenaries instead, especially given that in Katanga, for instance, only 600 of the Force Publique in the province defected. Bizarre stuff. Moreover, some Africans have struck out at whites to assuage this humiliation, and the beatings and killings have torn relations between white men and black men over the continent. This book must be read and reread.” — Los Angeles Times Book Review In the late nineteenth century, as the European powers were carving up Africa, King Leopold II of Belgium carried out a brutal plundering of the territory surrounding ... Already a classic of war reporting and now reissued as a Grove Press paperback, Black Hawk Down is Mark Bowden’s brilliant account of the longest sustained firefight involving American troops since the Vietnam War. He evidently expected it to break out in either of two ways: The chaos caused by his march—whites fleeing, mines shutting, crops rotting—might ignite the hostility toward Mobutu. This was groundwork for a coup still some months away. Those mercenaries, nearly all white, are hunting poachers, nearly all black.
._3-SW6hQX6gXK9G4FM74obr{display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom;width:16px;height:16px;font-size:16px;line-height:16px} Sachse is a part of an ancient legacy of mercenaries, such as the white, Christian Serbs who served the Ottoman Sultan over . When they returned home to the Caribbean they were banned for life and shunned by their countrymen. Some turned to drugs, some to God, while others found themselves begging on the streets. This is their untold story. As Laurent Kabila’s forces advanced on Kisangani there was a mass exodus of the population, including the Forces Armées du Zaire (FAZ)/Armed Forces of Zaire troops of Mobutu and many of the mercenaries who had been recruited by the Zaire government. It humiliated Africans to feel that stability in the Congo depended on racists. They were a relatively small army for a nation the size of all Western Europe. Their troops were mainly Belgian, English and French, but pretty much all Western European nationalities were represented. Their period of greatest success (in no small part because they were at least on the 'winning' side for a change) again came with Tshombe. Bogen drejer sig om den stigende privatisering af krig og sikkerhed i Afrika og er baseret på behandlingen af emnet på en konference i Prætoria i marts 1998. Washington also gave the Congolese Air Force five B-26 bombers, flown by CIA-hired Cuban refugee pilots and serviced by ClA-hired ground crews, to support mercenary attacks upon the rebels. Private military organizations have also been criminaliz. They were joined by a small group of Americans. The Suomen Ilmavoimat (Finnish Air Force). These mercenaries came from a range of backgrounds: British colonials, ex-Indian Army, combat experienced French soldiers from Algeria, World War II RAF pilots from Rhodesia and South Africa, and Belgian paratroopers. By 1964, 4 Commando had been disbanded, then reformed as 5 Commando when Tshombe became Prime Minister of the Congo. the mercenaries have been living in makeshift refugee camps in rwanda since their retreat from bukavu, in congo-kinshasa. as they retreated.
As for their efficacy in combat, I think it'd be fair to say that it was a mixed bag, and that (to quote Tony Geraghty, on page 53), a lot of it can be chalked up to the myth of the "White Giant" where the Simbas reasoned that "if their skins were protected from bullets by the magic of dawa, their adversary must have come from another, equally occult dimension. The Katangan Army was already staffed by Belgian officers, and white volunteers of Belgian extract constituted about one hundred and seventeen men under Tshombe's direction. This may mean they were "de facto" warlords along with other rebel groups.
In these cases, their effectiveness came as much from their skill, as from their reputation earned during the Katanga Crisis. Based on extensive interviews with mercenaries of many nationalities, this volume reveals how white mercenaries came to play a key role in the struggle for the Congo, and how the end of the war in Vietnam coincided with the start of the war ... Subtitle from cover: The story of a mercenary pilot in Africa.
Then Tshombe was kidnaped. The army consisted of only 20,000 men for the whole country at independence, and only 14,000 less than a month later (Clarke, 24). Found inside – Page 61An African Security Dilemma Abdel-Fatau Musah, Kayode Fayemi, J. 'Kayode Fayemi ... employees have established PMCs throughout Africa , what must be remembered is that , because of the growth in their reputation , any white ' mercenary ... Three kinds of mercenary were used: pilots on the federal side; pilots and soldiers on the Biafran side; and relief pilots employed by the humanitarian relief organizations assisting Biafra. During the July 1967 mercenary revolt, for instance, Schramme and Denard each had approximately 400 mercenaries at their joint disposal, and this was basically at their lowest point. Thousands of white soldiers were demobilized after Rhodesia (1980 . 'White and black' foreign mercenaries fighting alongside TPLF, Ethiopia's Abiy claims Ethiopian Prime Minister Dr. Abiy Ahmed Ali has claimed that his government has evidence to conclude that foreign mercenaries are fighting alongside the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) saying some of them have been killed during the conflict. This was not the end of the merc in Africa, you would see their return in various other conflicts over the years. Poland balks at EU sanction threats, Russian mercenaries in the Central African Republic. Both American and British companies (these two nations making up the vast majority of PSC/PMC firms, though there are others) have run afoul in various ways, some major, some minor, mostly for contract work done in Iraq and/or Afghanistan... To say anything further would go well within the 20-year limit. Along with Bob Denard of France and Jean Schramme of Belgium, Mr. Hoare was one of several white mercenaries who made international headlines in post-colonial Africa, selling their services to . 1996: in a Ugandan dive bar, the 'freight dogs' gather. Since at least the late 19th century, several African colonies and states have employed foreign nationals to serve as mercenaries in the continent's many bush wars. South African 'mercenaries' South African military personnel, particularly former SADF and SAAF soldiers and pilots, as well as apartheid-era police, have a chequered reputation as guns for hire in conflict zones. The rebellion of the mercenaries was the legacy of an attempt by the United States Government to stage-manage the unmanageable Congo. Of these, 55 were Belgians, four British, one Pole, one Hungarian, one Dane, two Portuguese, one Swede, eight Italian, one South African, one New Zealander, 11 French and five 'others'" (Tony Geraghty. Mercenaries, usually white and recruited from the former colonial powers, became familiar and generally despised figures in Africa during… Denard was wounded in the head and evacuated to Rhodesia. 'White and black' foreign mercenaries fighting alongside TPLF, Ethiopia's Abiy claims Africa-Press - South-Sudan. Regardless of the reasons, it failed spectacularly. Their bickering arose from the pointlessness of their life and the uncertainty of their future. The "Mercenary Problem", as the international community termed it, was a major concern of the ONUC. Lionel Dyck, the founder of Dyck Advisory Group, is himself a former commander in the . There was a meeting near Kolwezi during this time between Faulques, Schramme, and Tshombe in the aftermath of the decimation on the ground of what passed for the Katangese Air Force (basically 10 T-6 Harvards, 2 Vickers Vampires, and eventually 1 Fouga CM.170 Magister) by Indian Canberra Bombers. The mercenaries, while troubled by these continual attacks, were still contemptuous of the Congolese soldiers. One of the more infamous mercenary units was the White Legion of the First Congo War. .FIYolDqalszTnjjNfThfT{max-width:256px;white-space:normal;text-align:center} But Ian Smith's Rhodesia had only a handful of friends, including South Africa and Israel, which recognized it as a sovereign state and helped keep its economy alive. .ehsOqYO6dxn_Pf9Dzwu37{margin-top:0;overflow:visible}._2pFdCpgBihIaYh9DSMWBIu{height:24px}._2pFdCpgBihIaYh9DSMWBIu.uMPgOFYlCc5uvpa2Lbteu{border-radius:2px}._2pFdCpgBihIaYh9DSMWBIu.uMPgOFYlCc5uvpa2Lbteu:focus,._2pFdCpgBihIaYh9DSMWBIu.uMPgOFYlCc5uvpa2Lbteu:hover{background-color:var(--newRedditTheme-navIconFaded10);outline:none}._38GxRFSqSC-Z2VLi5Xzkjy{color:var(--newCommunityTheme-actionIcon)}._2DO72U0b_6CUw3msKGrnnT{border-top:none;color:var(--newCommunityTheme-metaText);cursor:pointer;padding:8px 16px 8px 8px;text-transform:none}._2DO72U0b_6CUw3msKGrnnT:hover{background-color:#0079d3;border:none;color:var(--newCommunityTheme-body);fill:var(--newCommunityTheme-body)} White South African mercenaries hired by the Mozambican government have carried out indiscriminate helicopter attacks and killed civilians as part of an escalating war in neighboring Mozambique, according to a new report published today by Amnesty International. By and large, they were, at least in the Congo. Members of the Kruger National Park Veterinary Wildlife Services in South Africa guide a sedated white rhino toward . Schramme shocked the Congo by seizing Bukavu, an old colonial resort town in the hills alongside Lake Kivu. The lumbering, luxuriant Congo is too big, too cruel, too unnerved to be managed by an incompetent and emotional government in Kinshasa. One of the main adversaries of the UN were white mercenaries, mostly French. As this generation died off, seasoned veterans from Africa's last two white settler regimes dominated the mercenary business. /*# sourceMappingURL=https://www.redditstatic.com/desktop2x/chunkCSS/IdCard.bd7c4b399a7ddb61d564_.css.map*/._2JU2WQDzn5pAlpxqChbxr7{height:16px;margin-right:8px;width:16px}._3E45je-29yDjfFqFcLCXyH{margin-top:16px}._13YtS_rCnVZG1ns2xaCalg{font-family:Noto Sans,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:400;line-height:18px;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}._1m5fPZN4q3vKVg9SgU43u2{margin-top:12px}._17A-IdW3j1_fI_pN-8tMV-{display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;margin-right:5px}._5MIPBF8A9vXwwXFumpGqY{border-radius:20px;font-size:12px;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:0;line-height:16px;padding:3px 10px;text-transform:none}._5MIPBF8A9vXwwXFumpGqY:focus{outline:unset} Fifty-three witnesses interviewed by Amnesty International claim that forces from a . Because of this mandate the new ANC revolted at Thysville on 5 and 6 July, 1960 (Lawrence Devlin. Despite being beaten, many of the mercenaries were able to largely retreat in good order into Angola. Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said the company has a "legitimate" right to be in the West African . The desperate, that is the losing, side in a war, would be more likely to turn to mercenaries as a last resort, as happened in Angola during 1975–1976. Schramme withdrew from Kisangani, regrouped with the mercenaries who had mistakenly left Bukavu, and trekked through the eastern Congo picking up whites who were threatened by the hysterical soldiers of the Congolese army. The plot was mad. Russian mercenaries leave trail of destruction in the Central African Republic Deployment of Kremlin-linked network of companies gives Russia foothold in region Mon, Oct 25, 2021, 01:00 It is usually assumed they're black Africans. How did the number of mercenaries compare to the number of local troops? The present group of rebellious mercenaries first came to the Congo in 1964 with the support of the United States Government, then as now the most powerful and significant outside influence on the Congo. Without the mercenaries, the Congolese army would probably have failed to put down the rebellion, and the Congo would have splintered. He started to disband the mercenary units, to get them out of the Congo before September, when the Organization of African Unity was to hold its summit conference in Kinshasa. So the white Rhodesians unilaterally implemented the Universal Declaration of Independence (UDI) in 1965. Griffith, G. T. As a rule, the mercenaries offered their services in terms of special skills—such as weapons instructors or pilots—that were in short supply among the African forces at war. All this unleashed the anger and bitterness toward whites that had long been building up in the Congolese. The book highlights the difficulties in organizing an international rescue effort with insufficient joint planning and inadequate command and control among the Belgian and American forces, as well as their differing political ideas and ... During these weeks, the Congolese radio boasted that its soldiers had trapped Schramme, his 160 white mercenaries and their allies, 1,000 African soldiers who had been gendarmes in Tshombe's secessionist Katanga province. Denard and a group of mercenaries invaded Katanga in what looked like the long-awaited thrust designed to ignite the revolution. The white mercenaries of the Congo, now in rebellion, have humiliated black men everywhere in Africa, and by doing so shattered some of the self-confidence that Africans need to run their affairs well. At independence, he owned a plantation of coffee, rubber and palm oil in the eastern Congo. Peter McLaughlin, The Rhodesian War: A Military History. In early November, the mortar attacks intensified, and the Congolese soldiers rushed at Bukavu. A need for the excitement of battle drew white mercenaries to Africa in the turbulent sixties when civil war brought horror to Nigeria, by Graham Coton The plane droned its way towards Airstrip Annabelle at Uli.
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As for their numbers, the units were of widely varying sizes. The Congo is a quagmire for the United States; every step sinks it deeper. Why blame them? Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. As a mercenary put it in an interview he would "have a hard time" from the Europeans, but generally be treated fairly. Volunteers came from across the globe: Britain, Ireland, South Africa, Portugal, Hong Kong, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand." [sic]. "There is a problematic history of white South Africans fighting as mercenaries across the continent. ._7_d4sJjd2oYzaJuU_QpOI{font-size:12px;font-weight:500;line-height:16px;border-radius:2px;display:inline-block;margin-right:5px;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;vertical-align:text-bottom;white-space:pre;word-break:normal;background-color:var(--newRedditTheme-flair);color:var(--newRedditTheme-linkText);margin-top:10px;padding:0 4px}._7_d4sJjd2oYzaJuU_QpOI._1rtoCmW_7bFJWYffSOwt4R{margin-top:0} He had already worked for Joseph Désiré Mobutu in the Republic of the Congo. Allegedly, African mercenaries are also fighting in Yemen for Saudi Arabia and come from countries like Sudan, Chad, and Eritrea.
"Inexperienced Irish, Swedish, Malay, and Danish soldiers who did not know the neighborhood" were slaughtered and defeated with relative ease by mercenaries that had the support and favor of the locals. And this number was later boosted to "306 mercenaries, 230 of them Belgian" in country by 14 July 1960, according to Othen (Christopher Othen. The UN, the Cold War and White Supremacy in Africa. The mercenaries are providing critical skills like operating attack aircraft and artillery systems as well as tactical expertise in conducting nighttime operations equipped with . Moreover, Sachse commanded the world's most recent mercenary war during the mid-1990s in the troubled West African nation of Sierra Leone. Yet it is pointless to condemn these confused, aimless and distorted men. The later 1967 events, that is the Schramme-Denard plot in July 1967, is a bit of a funny thing, and really can only be described as a half-baked scheme and an absolute disaster. Mr. Meisler, Africa correspondent of the Los Angeles Times, is a frequent contributor to The Nation. This volume analyses the prospects and challenges of the African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples' Rights in context.
The deportations included "273 non-Congolese soldiers. 1. These are terrible consequences. box 31596, braamfontein, johannesburg 1968 I don't remember any white mercenary who became an independent warlord, or lead an independent faction in the African cold war era conflicts. Colonel Callan, accused of murder and sadism, was sentenced to death for killing one white mercenary and ordering the massacre of 13 others during the Angolan civil war. 3rd Mar 2021 (002143.221-E002306.74NAWRLOSUC20V) You are not going to believe what I am writing but it is the utter truth and you will see some film footage for yourself. In Pictures: Islam's Sexual Enslavement of White Women. What emerges repeatedly in the history of the mercenary in Africa—whether in Nigeria, Angola, or elsewhere—is the fact that mercenaries charged huge fees (to be paid in advance) for generally poor and sometimes nonexistent services. Found inside – Page 161Harper's words appeared in Africa Today, a scholarly magazine that very few Americans read, but not in the New York Times. ... On 2 December 1964, Sulzberger abruptly referred to 'atrocities committed by white mercenaries in the Congo', ... The mutiny began with carnage, the mercenaries spraying two camps of the Congolese army with submachine gunfire, killing scores of soldiers and their wives and children. In many cases they'd drive the Simbas out and rescue the captives, with the vast majority of them still alive and well, if traumatized, with only the briefest of fights, or sometimes even none at all - a favorite tactic was to telephone ahead and allow the Simbas to throw down their arms and melt away before the mercenaries showed up. These guys are in their 50s, but for a pilot or tank driver it doesn't really matter. What happened next was extraordinary. Katanga 1960 tells, for the first time, the full story of the Congolese province that declared independence and found itself at war with the world. In this war, British mercenaries fought for the federal side against French mercenaries on the Biafran side to perpetuate existing Anglo–French rivalries in Africa; it was the first time since the Spanish civil war of 1936–1939 that contract mercenaries had faced each other on opposite sides. With Schramme at their head, the mercenaries were led by a confused visionary who talked in vague, diffident tones about remaking the Congo and replacing Mobutu with a stable, representative government that included Tshombe. white mercenaries seen in Congo to stay despite Govt-inspired impression most have gone; 350-400 reptd at Kamina base with 200 on reserve in S Africa; Lt Col Puren comdr; training illus; map (There are others here who can do the story of the Congo politics in the 1960's better than I can.) The further inland you go, the drier, hungrier and more Islamic it gets. Many of which were of him alongside an ex-Wehrmacht soldier who still wore his iron cross. When the mercenaries took over Stanleyville, after the American-Belgian parachute drop in November, 1964, Maj. Michael Hoare, the mercenary leader, decided to live in the abandoned American consulate there. Of course, that would mean the blacks would get into power. It's divided up the usual way: the coastal tribes are Christianized from sucking up to the European colonists. The Congolese Government panicked at the uprising.
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